Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Replicase and Movement Protein Function Synergistically in Facilitating TMV Spread by Lateral Diffusion in the Plasmodesmal Desmotubule of Nicotiana benthamiana

Virus spread through plasmodesmata (Pd) is mediated by virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs) that martin 00015sm modify Pd structure and function.The MP of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMVMP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integral membrane protein that binds viral RNA (vRNA), forming a vRNA:MP:ER complex.It has been hypothesized that TMVMP causes Pd to

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Tusk or Bone? An Example of Ivory Substitute in the Wildlife Trade

Bone carvings (and other ivory substitutes) are common in the modern-day lucrative international ivory trade.Souvenirs for unknowing travelers and market shoppers can be ogee skirt made of non-biological material (plastic "ivory" beads) or skillfully crafted natural objects made to resemble something other than their true origin.Many of these items

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Training of Psychosocial and Medical Practitioners in Fighting Substance Addiction in Muslim and Arab Cultures

This article argues that the Western approach 09gi shades eq to dealing with drug addicts is a failure for several reasons.It treats drug addiction from an amoral perspective, seeking external solutions to the problem, which have failed in the West as well as in the Muslim World where they were imported without adjustment for local culture and valu

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